Trends in Hospital Presentations and Management of Patients with Kratom, Phenibut and Tianeptine Use: A ToxIC Core Registry Study

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Increasing interest in cognitive performance and wellness has contributed to the widespread accessibility of unregulated psychotropic “supplements” across Canada and the United States. These supplements – including kratom, phenibut and tianeptine – are easily purchased online and in gas stations, carrying risk of overdose and dependence due to their opioid and GABA-receptor effects. Despite rising concern of harms related to these substances, clinical burden associated with their use is unknown. The purpose of our study was to describe hospital presentations and management of patients with kratom, phenibut and tianeptine use.

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